Covered call writing and put-selling generates monthly cash flow because we are selling option contracts and getting paid for undertaking the contract obligations. When a contract is exercised, we then enter another phase where we either buy or sell shares. The purpose of this article is to review and (hopefully) simplify the mathematics of exercise in four scenarios:
- Buying call options
- Selling call options
- Buying put options
- Selling put options
Buying call options
In this scenario, we are paying for the right to buy a stock at the strike price by the expiration date. Since we are paying for this right, we must add the cost of the option to the strike price to determine the actual cost basis of this purchase should we decide to exercise. Let’s set up a hypothetical example:
- Buy 1 x BCI call $40 strike at $1.00
- If exercised, we pay $40 + $1 = $41 (our cost basis)
Selling call options (covered call writing when buying the underlying shares first)
Here we are selling the right to the option buyer to buy our shares at the strike price by the expiration date. If the option holder chooses to exercise (not our decision), we sell at the strike plus factor in the option premium received. For example:
- Sell 1 x BCI call $40 strike @ $1
- If exercised, we receive $40 + $1 = $41 (our sale price)
For call options, we add in the premium to determine our purchase or sale price.
Buying put options
In this situation, we are purchasing the right to sell our shares at the strike price by the expiration date. If we decide to exercise, we sell at the strike minus the cost to buy that option. Here’s an example:
- Buy 1 x BCI put $50 for $1.50
- If exercised, we sell for $50 less the cost of the option: $50 – $1.50 = $48.50 (our sale price)
Selling put options (as when we sell cash-secured puts)
This trade allows the option buyer (not us) the right to sell her shares to us at the strike by the expiration date. For example:
- Sell 1 x BCI put $50 for $1.50
- If exercised, we buy the shares for $50 less the premium of $1.50 = $50 – $1.50 = $48.50
- In my put book, I allude to this as “buying at a discount”
For put options, we subtract the premium to determine our purchase or sale price.
Summary
As option sellers we are generating monthly cash flow. When selling call options that are then exercised, our sale price will include both the strike price + the option premium. When selling cash-secured puts which are subsequently exercised, our purchase price is the strike price less the premium received from the put sale.
Next live seminar:
February 28th and March 1st
The International Stock Trader’s Expo: New York City: Marriott Marquis Hotel
Saturday February 28th 12 to 12:45 PM
Sunday March 1st 1:30 – 2:30 PM
Both seminars are free to attend.
Alan in Orlando at The World Money Show on Friday
Alan’s seminar in Orlando
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According to the Labor Departmrnt, 257,000 jobs were added to our economy while 235,000 were expected
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November and December jobs stats were revised higher by a total of 147,000
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The unemployment rate ticked higher to 5.7% s more people entered the work force
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Average hourly earnings increased by 0.5% in January to $24.75
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Personal income in December rose by 0.3% above analysts estimate of 0.2%
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Both ISM indexes showed expansion as manufacturing came in @ 53.5 and non-manufacturing @ 56.7
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Business productivity declined by 1.8% in the 4th quarter, worse than anticipated
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The US trade deficit came in at $46.6 billion larger then expected
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Construction spending was up 0.4% in December and 2.2% year-over-year
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Factory orders declined by 3.4% in December
For the week, the S&P 500 rose by 3.0%
Summary
IBD: Uptrend under pressure
GMI: 4/6- Buy signal since market close of January 23, 2015
BCI: Cautiously bullish but favoring in-the-money strikes 2-to-1 for new positions as a hedge against recent market volatility
Wishing you the best in investing,
Alan ([email protected])
Premium Members,
This week’s Weekly Stock Screen And Watch List has been uploaded to The Blue Collar Investor premium member site and is available for download in the “Reports” section. Look for the report dated 02-06-15.
Also, be sure to check out the latest BCI Training Videos and “Ask Alan” segments. You can view them at The Blue Collar YouTube Channel. For your convenience, the link to the BCI YouTube Channel is:
http://www.youtube.com/user/BlueCollarInvestor
Since we are in Earnings Season, be sure to read Alan’s article, “Constructing Your Covered Call Portfolio During Earnings Season”. You can access it at:
https://www.thebluecollarinvestor.com/constructing-your-covered-call-portfolio-during-earnings-season/
Best,
Barry and The BCI Team
Hi Barry, can you tell me your source for the sector ratings you use for the watch list? Research shows that the industry sector / segment is at least 50% of a stock’s performance. I agree. I want to make sure I only invest in stocks in the top 10-20% of sectors. The A/A rating you use likely equals this requirement (but not sure since I don’t know the source). Also, why don’t you use the IBD industry groups (1-197) and sector rating which is a numeric scale from 1-33? They recommend top 6 which is about the 20th percentile. I note you use IBD to help rate the top stocks for the Watch List.
Thanks!
Hey Brian,
The “Segment Rank” in the Weekly Premium Report is based on IBD’s Industry Group Rank. We take the 197 industry groups and divide them into 5 ranking groups. The groups that are ranked 1-40 are given a rank of “A”, the top 20%. Groups 41-80 are B, 81-120 are C, 121-160 are D, and 161 and over are ranked as E. Note that the lower the rank, the better the score.
Since monthly (and weekly) covered call trades are short term by nature, we show the week-to-week movement of the stock’s sector by using two measurements…”X”/”Y”. The X represents the current week ranking and the Y represents the previous week ranking. This way we get a sense of how well the industry/segment is doing on a short term basis.
In simplest terms, economists say that a stock’s price movement is based on three broad factors:
[1] Overall market trend of the market (as defined by a wide range of market reports, macro economic events, economic indicators, and geopolitical events).
[2] Industry/segment trend (typically based on macro events as well)
[3] The specific stock related issues (earnings, management, etc.)
The specific percentages have been the basis of numerous arguments between economists over the years..
In the weekly report we attempt to give you a sense of these three factors…
[1] Overall market trend – Alan’s “Market Tone” commentary on page 1
[2] Industry trend – “Segment Rank” as presented in “Running List”
[3] Stock Specific issues – “Stock Screen” and “Running List” sections.
I hope this helps.
Best,
Barry
Hi Alan, I wanted to comment on selling weekly call options. Others have brought up this strategy and recommended it. I have been testing this. It feels a little like day trading, but the results have been good to date. I would note that for the volatile momentum stocks that fit the BCI Watch List screens (and the IBD top stocks for that matter), there is a lot of price movement and so the weekly call options seem to fit well. And the premium for the written calls is pretty healthy considering the short period. I am able to find 1% premiums over a one week period for a 4 week 4% return, on strike price 5% OTM.
These stocks can move 5% in a week, but not much more (unless there is a special event). This helps lower the chance of getting exercised, as there are only 5 market days for the stock to rise 5%.
This strategy is going to be limited to only the most active optionable stocks and ETFs like QQQ
Thanks Brian,
Selling weeklys is becoming more popular and already implemented by some of our members. There are pros and cons to all approaches. Those who use weeklys may be able to achieve higher annualized returns than monthlys…maybe. You can also use a security up to the week before an earnings report, so 48 weeks a year. On the other hand, we have a smaller pool of stocks to choose from (although growing), lower options liquidity resulting in wider bid-ask spreads, less time for position management, more frequent rolling required and quadruple the commissions.
There are lots of ways to make money selling options and using weeklys is certainly one of them.
Alan
Hello Alan
I have signed up for your mailing list and I’ve viewed your educational series and it actually falls right on top of an idea I had before coming across your information. “My” idea was to some how buy stocks and do something with options to some how protect and/or leverage those shares but I hadn’t figured the details. Your process figured out the details for me with one exception.
The problem I’m having is finding a single stock that I could buy right now along with selling the equivalent in the money options and actually show a profit not even considering the fees. Maybe I’m picking the wrong stocks so I wonder if you could suggest 1 or more stocks that should work “today”? I appreciate you wanting to sell a service and I’m good with that but I’d like to be able to know for sure things can work before I commit to a reoccurring subscription.
What I keep finding when calculating is that once I buy the shares and sell the calls and assuming the shares are called away I’m basically break even or a loss with expenses. Or it seems like I need to buy the stock during a near term dip, wait for the shares to rise a couple of percent and then be able to sell the ITM options. Or do I need to review one of your videos or blogs again?
Thank you,
Jon
Hi Jon,
I cannot make specific financial recommendations in this venue but I can make some general comments that you should find useful:
1- Most ITM strikes do have a time value component to them…time value is your profit, not the intrinsic value aspect (amount the strike is in-the-money)
2- The deeper ITM you go, the more protection you have and the smaller the returns will be so you should look at ITM strikes just below the current market value or the ones that meet your initial goals (mine are 2-4%/month for initial returns).
3- Make sure you are looking at the monthly strikes (I assume from your question that you use monthlys?). Many stocks have weeklys which will show a smaller returns if less time to expiration.
4- This is NOT a recommendation but an example:
If the march $105 strike was sold for NTES, the time value initial profit is 3.3% and the downside protection OF THAT PROFIT is 2.1%. CLICK ON CHART BELOW TO ENLARGE & USE BACK ARROW TO RETURN TO BLOG.
Alan
Jon, you asked about the stock and option side, but also consider the expense side, i.e., are you paying a reasonable commission?
1) With many brokers you can choose to pay the commission for the options on a per contract basis or on a ticket fee plus a per contract basis. if you’re only doing one or even a few contracts, a per contract commission is almost certainly better.
2) Alan’s 10/25/14 blog discusses the commission side of things. The table he lists shows the major published commission rates. Many/most of the larger brokers will negotiate with you for lower rates than those published. Depends on the size of your account and the number of contracts you do per month. The only low-cost broker that I’m aware that’s not in Alan’s table is eOption. They are the lowest but with some functionality trade-offs.
3) As a beginner, paper trade paper trade paper trade. Until you understand how to do all of Alan’s adjustments in an up, down or sideways moving ticker, don’t risk real money. And place a LOT of trades, i.e., dozens every week, and put them all in a trading journal. Doing a lot of trades will get your experience level up very quickly. Using a journal allows you to study what happened. Plus, the more you do the more the statistical odds are likely to work out.
Good luck.
Steve
Hello Alan,
I want to start by thanking you for your excellent, clear & concise videos. They’re the best I’ve seen so thanks for sharing. Really appreciated.
I do have a couple of questions for you. I’m new to this so please bear with me 🙂
The series I watched was all about covered calls. I notice an email link is about puts. Any reason for the change?
Also wondering about the mechanics of a covered call. As a seller of the call, I understand I’m guaranteed the premium (or am I?). When things are going in favor of the buyers position, is his profit going to come from me HAVING to give up the shares to the broker if the buyer closes his profitable position WITHOUT taking ownership of my shares or how does that work?
Am I as a writer attached to a unique buyer or am I just dealing with a pool of contracts in the series I’m selling?
My apologies for the lengthy email. I’m really hoping you can clarify this for me.
Thank you so much for your time & effort.
Regards,
Dal
Hi Dal,
I’m happy to provide this information and pleased you are finding it useful. My responses:
1- Covered call writing and selling cash-secured puts are similar strategies, both appealing to conservative retail investors (I’m guilty as charged). Our members have been asking for more information on put-selling and so we responded with the recent publication of my 5th book. Much more to come with both strategies and more strategies in the future.
2- Your premium is guaranteed, yes.
3- Most call option buyers are expecting share appreciation. If that does take place, most will simply sell the option at a profit. Those who exercise will do so when the strike is below market value at expiration. We as cc writers can prevent that from occurring if we choose to.
4- Our options go into a pool managed by the Options Clearing Corporation which matches up buyers and sellers.
Alan
Alan,
I read your book but do not know what to do. Had WFC stock in my acount. On jan 6 sold a 52.5 call for 2.9 premium to expire 17 July. Now premium 3.95. The covereď call was doing great and I do not wish to sell the stock. I want to buy back the sold call. But when? Any chance that the premium will go down again? Should I buy baçk the option?
Thx for your expert reply.
Shelley
Hi Shelley,
To figure out whether to buy back the option, we must look at the trade through the eyes of the option holder (buyer). Will he exercise early?
The $3.95 option premium you mentioned in your question consists of time value + intrinsic value (the amount the $52.50 strike is in–the-money). If the option holder exercises, he captures intrinsic value and loses the time value. If he sells the options, he captures both. A rare exception would be related to a dividend and the ex-dividend date comes up before contract expiration. This will rarely occur when expiration is months away.
Soooo…it is highly unlikely that your shares will be assigned (sold) early. The most likely time for assignment is the day after expiration Friday.
Option value sure can go down. Time to expiration, option volatility and share price will impact option value on a daily basis.
Alan
Hi Alan, I would add an insight that I acquired through hard experience and that I am sure you know. Writing calls on very large and low volatility stocks or ETFs is not very rewarding unless one goes out several months like Shelley did (July). But going out so many months ties one’s hands and caps upside. There is also the matter of the most time decay as a percent of strike price is nearest expiration (theta). This may be reasons you recommend going out one month as ideal. It also accounts for the mostly smaller cap (than WFC) and higher volatility stocks on the Watch List.
Alan,
I know you are a very busy person, but perhaps when you have a minute or two, you might elaborate a little on why do you “still give a slight edge to covered call writing in normal and bull market environments”. Most probably you’ve mentioned it in your materials, but I fail to recall it.
I understand it’s your opinion only, and I’ll receive it as such, but it would be very interesting to know it.
Thanks and Regards,
Ryszard
Ryszard,
Covered call writing allows us to enhance returns via share appreciation when writing out-of-the-money calls. This is particularly useful in favorable market conditions. When selling puts, our max return is the put premium. Now we can enhance put premiums by selling in-the-money put strikes but that will increase the chance of assignment which is what most put-sellers are trying to avoid.
As a result I lean to cc writing in normal and bull market environments although we should succeed with both strategies in all market environments (except aberrations like 2008) once the techniques are mastered.
Alan
Alan:
In an effort to maintain, to the extent possible, my desired relative asset classification allocations in what essentially then becomes an index-based buy & hold Portfolio, I treat a significant portion of my total Portfolio separately, & to gain some small increment of additional gain on that portion, my Covered Call activity within it becomes pretty much an exercise in Portfolio Overwriting.
My question is, under those circumstances, would the application of your 20/10 Exit Strategy still be appropriate to use as a guideline in managing the contracts in an ongoing fashion?
Thank you.
Paul
Paul,
Absolutely. Buying back the original option and retaining 80% – 90% of the original premium, now puts us in a position to sell another option, either the same strike (“hitting a double”) or a lower strike (rolling down). Because you are portfolio overwriting, selling the stock is not a consideration.
Alan
Premium Members,
This week’s Weekly Stock Screen And Watch List has been revised and uploaded to The
Blue Collar Investor premium member site and is available for download in the “Reports” section. Look for the report dated 02/06/15-REVA. The Open Interest data has been revised and page numbering in each section has been added.
Also, be sure to check out the latest BCI Training Videos and “Ask Alan”
segments. You can view them at The Blue Collar YouTube Channel. For your convenience, the link to the BCI YouTube Channel is:
http://www.youtube.com/user/BlueCollarInvestor
Since we are in Earnings Season, be sure to read Alan’s article,
“Constructing Your Covered Call Portfolio During Earnings Season”. You can access it at:
https://www.thebluecollarinvestor.com/constructing-your-covered-call-portfolio-during-earnings-season/
Best,
Barry and The BCI Team
Alan, I know this is a bit off-topic. Since I am a new premium member, I have been reading your prior blogs going back quite some time. It seems you relied quite heavily on the Scouter Report in doing your weekly evaluations. I understand there has been a recent problem getting Scouter Report data. How has this impacted you evaluation process? Are you using an equivilent report or has the Scouter Report been rerinstituted?
Best Regards, Joe
Hi Joe,
A couple of important points I will make before sharing with you the response we have published to both premium and general members:
1- As a premium member, you are receiving Scouter data…it’s the risk/reward column on pages 2-4 of our weekly stock reports.
2- Because we use a mosaic of several fundamental, technical and common sense screens we do NOT rely on any one screen. Even without the Scouter data our screens will result in outstanding candidates. Please note that in all my material, I say that ADRs (American depository receipts) which never had Scouter data are still eligible if they passed all other screens.
That said, here is the published response to the temporary removal of Scouter data from the MSN site:
We have been in touch with the company that developed the algorithm for the Stock Scouter. We are told it will re-appear in some venue yet to be determined. In the interim, we’ve been able to access monthly Scouter stats that we have included in our current weekly premium reports.
In the interim, for those who are not premium members, we suggest decreasing risk by using low-beta stocks (below 1.5 at least) and favor ITM strikes in questionable market environments. Remember that our stock selection is based on a series of screens in multiple areas so no one screen will make a major difference. Therefore, even without the Scouter, the selections will be high-quality choices.
I am also working on an alternative risk screen should the Scouter not become available in the future (unlikely) and that will be information I will share with both premium and general members.
For now, using all other BCI screens will still result in elite-performers.
Best regards,
Alan